1 00:00:09,190 --> 00:00:06,900 [Music] 2 00:00:10,869 --> 00:00:09,200 so my talk today is talking about 3 00:00:12,869 --> 00:00:10,879 planetary atmospheres and planetary 4 00:00:16,209 --> 00:00:12,879 interiors in the connection between them 5 00:00:18,670 --> 00:00:16,219 so this is really what you might call a 6 00:00:20,080 --> 00:00:18,680 statistical view of planetary physics a 7 00:00:21,820 --> 00:00:20,090 lot of times in planets we talk about 8 00:00:23,259 --> 00:00:21,830 the physics of particular objects or 9 00:00:24,849 --> 00:00:23,269 trying to make connections between two 10 00:00:26,080 --> 00:00:24,859 or three objects is really about trying 11 00:00:28,240 --> 00:00:26,090 to make connections between a large 12 00:00:29,200 --> 00:00:28,250 number of objects we've already heard 13 00:00:31,330 --> 00:00:29,210 about that a little bit this morning 14 00:00:32,439 --> 00:00:31,340 things about the radius Valley how can 15 00:00:35,079 --> 00:00:32,449 we explain that by looking at a 16 00:00:37,900 --> 00:00:35,089 collection of planets so this is a 17 00:00:39,220 --> 00:00:37,910 statistical view it's typically I would 18 00:00:41,139 --> 00:00:39,230 say a bit easier we were thinking about 19 00:00:43,209 --> 00:00:41,149 planetary structure rather than talking 20 00:00:44,680 --> 00:00:43,219 about planetary atmospheres because for 21 00:00:46,060 --> 00:00:44,690 planetary structure it's typically a 22 00:00:47,500 --> 00:00:46,070 little bit less demanding you might only 23 00:00:49,029 --> 00:00:47,510 need to measure a planet's mass and 24 00:00:51,010 --> 00:00:49,039 radius learn something about its density 25 00:00:52,600 --> 00:00:51,020 you might have dozens or hundreds of 26 00:00:54,819 --> 00:00:52,610 objects where you know the densities 27 00:00:55,900 --> 00:00:54,829 whereas for planetary atmospheres you 28 00:00:57,130 --> 00:00:55,910 might want to get spectra of those 29 00:00:59,500 --> 00:00:57,140 objects it's a lot more time-consuming 30 00:01:01,569 --> 00:00:59,510 and harder to get spectra of dozens or 31 00:01:05,499 --> 00:01:01,579 hundreds of objects will certainly get 32 00:01:07,210 --> 00:01:05,509 there so today's top really about some 33 00:01:09,219 --> 00:01:07,220 findings we have for planetary structure 34 00:01:10,779 --> 00:01:09,229 I want to talk about two topics and how 35 00:01:12,839 --> 00:01:10,789 we can extend those to learn something 36 00:01:15,130 --> 00:01:12,849 about planetary atmospheres 37 00:01:17,529 --> 00:01:15,140 so the first half of the talk is 38 00:01:19,389 --> 00:01:17,539 thinking about these cold colder 39 00:01:21,279 --> 00:01:19,399 transiting giant planets this is like 40 00:01:23,410 --> 00:01:21,289 again work led by Daniel this is planet 41 00:01:25,870 --> 00:01:23,420 radius in Jupiter radii this is like the 42 00:01:27,699 --> 00:01:25,880 solar constant and for planets cooler 43 00:01:29,469 --> 00:01:27,709 than about a thousand degrees we can see 44 00:01:31,809 --> 00:01:29,479 these objects are not anomalously 45 00:01:33,910 --> 00:01:31,819 inflated this dashed red curve would be 46 00:01:35,680 --> 00:01:33,920 a naive expectation for the radius of 47 00:01:37,270 --> 00:01:35,690 these planets the hottest of the hot 48 00:01:39,160 --> 00:01:37,280 Jupiters tend to be the most inflated 49 00:01:41,050 --> 00:01:39,170 you look at these cooler objects out 50 00:01:44,680 --> 00:01:41,060 here there's about 50 objects actually 51 00:01:46,630 --> 00:01:44,690 now it's up to about 75 I think we could 52 00:01:48,010 --> 00:01:46,640 measure their mass their radius we can 53 00:01:50,229 --> 00:01:48,020 infer their density and we can run a 54 00:01:52,089 --> 00:01:50,239 structure model to infer something about 55 00:01:54,580 --> 00:01:52,099 the metal enrichment of the planets 56 00:01:56,859 --> 00:01:54,590 these objects are all smaller and denser 57 00:01:58,540 --> 00:01:56,869 pure hydrogen helium objects you can 58 00:02:00,309 --> 00:01:58,550 infer something about their metallicity 59 00:02:03,070 --> 00:02:00,319 the amount of heavy elements from metals 60 00:02:04,839 --> 00:02:03,080 inside of them and so Daniel Dunn that's 61 00:02:07,210 --> 00:02:04,849 in a fully Bayesian way by running many 62 00:02:08,350 --> 00:02:07,220 thousands of models per planet just for 63 00:02:10,869 --> 00:02:08,360 instance you can look at them in like 64 00:02:12,640 --> 00:02:10,879 walk eights we can infer inside that 65 00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:12,650 planet there's something like 80 earth 66 00:02:17,520 --> 00:02:14,810 masses have the elements with the 67 00:02:19,080 --> 00:02:17,530 distribution around that the details 68 00:02:20,610 --> 00:02:19,090 colors aren't particularly important we 69 00:02:22,530 --> 00:02:20,620 don't really know if the heavy elements 70 00:02:25,140 --> 00:02:22,540 are mostly in a core or mostly in the 71 00:02:26,940 --> 00:02:25,150 envelope or some sort of distribution 72 00:02:28,830 --> 00:02:26,950 between the two of them we can do this 73 00:02:32,010 --> 00:02:28,840 for about 50 planets here it's just for 74 00:02:33,300 --> 00:02:32,020 four for example and we can derive this 75 00:02:35,400 --> 00:02:33,310 sort of relation this was published 76 00:02:38,010 --> 00:02:35,410 about three years ago now through the 77 00:02:39,750 --> 00:02:38,020 inferred heavy element mass inside of a 78 00:02:42,090 --> 00:02:39,760 planet in Earth masses that gets us from 79 00:02:44,550 --> 00:02:42,100 a structure model of the planet versus 80 00:02:46,320 --> 00:02:44,560 planet mass you can find something that 81 00:02:48,420 --> 00:02:46,330 it's pretty interesting I think in that 82 00:02:49,920 --> 00:02:48,430 there's a good evidence that I'm planets 83 00:02:51,780 --> 00:02:49,930 has to have on the order of something 84 00:02:54,000 --> 00:02:51,790 like ten earth masses that have yellen's 85 00:02:55,770 --> 00:02:54,010 inside them which agrees quite well with 86 00:02:57,750 --> 00:02:55,780 expectations from the core accretion 87 00:02:59,550 --> 00:02:57,760 model of planet formation there as you 88 00:03:01,199 --> 00:02:59,560 get to larger and larger planet masses 89 00:03:03,509 --> 00:03:01,209 your accreting not just hydrogen and 90 00:03:05,790 --> 00:03:03,519 helium you're also treating significant 91 00:03:07,770 --> 00:03:05,800 additional metals as well so these 92 00:03:10,380 --> 00:03:07,780 objects are not just hydrogen helium 93 00:03:11,790 --> 00:03:10,390 spheres with small core these objects 94 00:03:14,309 --> 00:03:11,800 are typically accreting tens or even 95 00:03:15,990 --> 00:03:14,319 hundreds of earth mass heavy elements at 96 00:03:18,300 --> 00:03:16,000 the same time they're creating hydrogen 97 00:03:20,640 --> 00:03:18,310 helium these objects are quite metal 98 00:03:21,930 --> 00:03:20,650 enriched and then Jupiter and Saturn 99 00:03:23,490 --> 00:03:21,940 there are sitting there amongst their 100 00:03:25,860 --> 00:03:23,500 cousin planets looking very nicely 101 00:03:27,930 --> 00:03:25,870 within the distribution we can make a 102 00:03:30,030 --> 00:03:27,940 diagram like this it's as if I'm at the 103 00:03:32,550 --> 00:03:30,040 metals mass fraction of the planet again 104 00:03:34,410 --> 00:03:32,560 from the structure model compared to Z 105 00:03:36,090 --> 00:03:34,420 star that's from measuring the iron 106 00:03:38,759 --> 00:03:36,100 abundance of the parent star as the star 107 00:03:40,590 --> 00:03:38,769 we can look at the metal enrichment of 108 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:40,600 the planet as a function of planet mass 109 00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:42,010 this is just another way of showing the 110 00:03:45,479 --> 00:03:43,810 same data set you can see there's the 111 00:03:47,610 --> 00:03:45,489 characteristic slope and a 112 00:03:49,830 --> 00:03:47,620 characteristic spread to me that spread 113 00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:49,840 is as important as the slope and that 114 00:03:53,520 --> 00:03:51,730 there's no one way of making a giant 115 00:03:55,560 --> 00:03:53,530 planet if you look at Saturn mass 116 00:03:57,420 --> 00:03:55,570 planets there's less metal-rich set 117 00:03:59,130 --> 00:03:57,430 Saturn's there's very metal enriched 118 00:04:02,310 --> 00:03:59,140 Saturn there's a big diversity at a 119 00:04:04,199 --> 00:04:02,320 given planet math this is entirely 120 00:04:06,810 --> 00:04:04,209 complementary to what people are doing 121 00:04:08,910 --> 00:04:06,820 for atmospheres so on the left of the 122 00:04:11,520 --> 00:04:08,920 exact same plot I just showed the planet 123 00:04:13,110 --> 00:04:11,530 over T star on the right is a diagram 124 00:04:14,759 --> 00:04:13,120 people have been working very hard to 125 00:04:17,250 --> 00:04:14,769 add additional planets to it since again 126 00:04:20,159 --> 00:04:17,260 planet mass in Jupiter masses this is 127 00:04:22,290 --> 00:04:20,169 the implied atmospheric metallicity in 128 00:04:24,480 --> 00:04:22,300 solar abundances we have the solar 129 00:04:26,279 --> 00:04:24,490 systems for gas giants where this is 130 00:04:28,649 --> 00:04:26,289 measuring the methane abundance so to 131 00:04:30,300 --> 00:04:28,659 infer carbon comparing to the water 132 00:04:31,159 --> 00:04:30,310 abundance in a variety of transiting 133 00:04:32,959 --> 00:04:31,169 planets 134 00:04:34,730 --> 00:04:32,969 and so the point I want to make of the 135 00:04:36,739 --> 00:04:34,740 first half of the talk is already on the 136 00:04:39,050 --> 00:04:36,749 left-hand side you can see there's a 137 00:04:41,330 --> 00:04:39,060 large spread although there is a slope 138 00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:41,340 you can see on the right-hand side we 139 00:04:44,119 --> 00:04:43,050 don't really have enough objects yet to 140 00:04:46,040 --> 00:04:44,129 say that because we're looking at a 141 00:04:48,439 --> 00:04:46,050 sample size of something like 8 not 142 00:04:51,350 --> 00:04:48,449 let's amplify that 50 but I would expect 143 00:04:53,749 --> 00:04:51,360 the spread over here to be larger and 144 00:04:54,769 --> 00:04:53,759 that's for two reasons one is that 145 00:04:56,540 --> 00:04:54,779 there's going to be certainly a 146 00:04:58,309 --> 00:04:56,550 diversity in sharing these metals 147 00:05:00,409 --> 00:04:58,319 between the core and the envelope and 148 00:05:02,390 --> 00:05:00,419 that's that's going to increase the 149 00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:02,400 spread if on the right hand side we 150 00:05:06,019 --> 00:05:03,810 don't know the fraction of metals over 151 00:05:07,100 --> 00:05:06,029 there in the envelope versus the core 152 00:05:09,050 --> 00:05:07,110 and there's probably going to be a 153 00:05:11,360 --> 00:05:09,060 diversity in that because we think for 154 00:05:12,619 --> 00:05:11,370 instance Jupiter perhaps most of its 155 00:05:14,209 --> 00:05:12,629 metals are in the envelope where it's 156 00:05:16,309 --> 00:05:14,219 Saturn we think most of its metals are 157 00:05:18,200 --> 00:05:16,319 in the core that's gonna lead to some 158 00:05:20,330 --> 00:05:18,210 bigger spread so we should expect a 159 00:05:22,249 --> 00:05:20,340 bigger spread on the right I think also 160 00:05:25,040 --> 00:05:22,259 we have some apples to oranges effects 161 00:05:27,409 --> 00:05:25,050 here right so in the solar system we're 162 00:05:29,179 --> 00:05:27,419 measuring the carbon abundance and on 163 00:05:31,279 --> 00:05:29,189 the right over here we're measuring some 164 00:05:33,260 --> 00:05:31,289 fraction of the oxygen abundance we're 165 00:05:35,059 --> 00:05:33,270 seeing what's what's in water and that's 166 00:05:37,429 --> 00:05:35,069 what you might call apples to oranges I 167 00:05:39,769 --> 00:05:37,439 was reading a book about the mother top 168 00:05:41,269 --> 00:05:39,779 icannot talked about when you think 169 00:05:42,559 --> 00:05:41,279 you're comparing apples to oranges make 170 00:05:47,029 --> 00:05:42,569 sure you're not really comparing apples 171 00:05:49,670 --> 00:05:47,039 to Buicks and boy that really stopped me 172 00:05:51,260 --> 00:05:49,680 in my tracks for a long time I think 173 00:05:52,969 --> 00:05:51,270 when we're thinking about carbon and 174 00:05:55,969 --> 00:05:52,979 oxygen it really is apples orange it's 175 00:05:58,070 --> 00:05:55,979 not apples to Buicks but we should be 176 00:05:59,719 --> 00:05:58,080 mindful that this diagram and the writes 177 00:06:00,920 --> 00:05:59,729 really get a good I think it's going to 178 00:06:02,510 --> 00:06:00,930 be messier than the one on the left 179 00:06:06,529 --> 00:06:02,520 because there's a lot more physical 180 00:06:08,179 --> 00:06:06,539 effects going on so for the second half 181 00:06:10,070 --> 00:06:08,189 of my talk I want to think about the 182 00:06:12,350 --> 00:06:10,080 objects on the far right hand side these 183 00:06:13,369 --> 00:06:12,360 are the anomalously inflated hot 184 00:06:18,800 --> 00:06:13,379 Jupiters it's been a long-standing 185 00:06:21,290 --> 00:06:18,810 problem going back 20 years now where we 186 00:06:23,209 --> 00:06:21,300 have a sample of over 200 planets here 187 00:06:25,459 --> 00:06:23,219 and the typical object is larger and 188 00:06:28,879 --> 00:06:25,469 less dense than the expectation of a 189 00:06:30,980 --> 00:06:28,889 naive model in red so we can think about 190 00:06:34,100 --> 00:06:30,990 what this implies for the structure of 191 00:06:35,689 --> 00:06:34,110 planetary atmospheres this is a lot of 192 00:06:37,850 --> 00:06:35,699 text but on the right hand side I just 193 00:06:39,649 --> 00:06:37,860 want to show that for a long time people 194 00:06:41,480 --> 00:06:39,659 have been modeling the structure of 195 00:06:43,879 --> 00:06:41,490 exoplanet atmospheres pretty strongly 196 00:06:45,050 --> 00:06:43,889 radiated planets this is pressure versus 197 00:06:48,470 --> 00:06:45,060 temperature from stars 198 00:06:50,210 --> 00:06:48,480 all 2003 this is a four model that all 199 00:06:52,340 --> 00:06:50,220 have the same parent star but these are 200 00:06:55,010 --> 00:06:52,350 interiors that are cooling off over time 201 00:06:57,020 --> 00:06:55,020 if you have a young planet with a hot 202 00:06:59,240 --> 00:06:57,030 intrinsic temperature you get a 203 00:07:01,730 --> 00:06:59,250 shallower radiative convective boundary 204 00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:01,740 and as the interior cools off to smaller 205 00:07:07,129 --> 00:07:05,010 and smaller fluxes you have a stronger 206 00:07:08,450 --> 00:07:07,139 mismatch between the infinite flux and 207 00:07:09,740 --> 00:07:08,460 the intrinsic flux and your radiative 208 00:07:12,290 --> 00:07:09,750 convective boundary would get keyed 209 00:07:14,150 --> 00:07:12,300 deeper and deeper than deep and so if 210 00:07:16,070 --> 00:07:14,160 you look at Jupiter itself Jupiter's 211 00:07:18,740 --> 00:07:16,080 intrinsic temperature is on the order of 212 00:07:21,110 --> 00:07:18,750 a hundred Kelvin if you put that around 213 00:07:22,820 --> 00:07:21,120 in a five day orbit around a parent star 214 00:07:24,770 --> 00:07:22,830 you naturally get a radiant convective 215 00:07:27,320 --> 00:07:24,780 boundary at like one killable that's 216 00:07:29,629 --> 00:07:27,330 down here at ten to the three bar also 217 00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:29,639 if you run a simple cooling model of a 218 00:07:33,830 --> 00:07:31,530 transiting planet you find the interior 219 00:07:35,750 --> 00:07:33,840 of your hot Jupiter should cool off to 220 00:07:37,850 --> 00:07:35,760 around about a hundred Kelvin and then 221 00:07:39,680 --> 00:07:37,860 you should get at Giggy year ages a 222 00:07:41,840 --> 00:07:39,690 radiant convective boundary at around 223 00:07:45,110 --> 00:07:41,850 one kilobots been a number that's been 224 00:07:46,820 --> 00:07:45,120 thrown around for a long time in 225 00:07:49,520 --> 00:07:46,830 principle though we know this is 226 00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:49,530 probably not really correct in that if 227 00:07:55,340 --> 00:07:51,810 you have a very large radius planet 228 00:07:57,560 --> 00:07:55,350 that's like 1.5 jupiter radii that 229 00:07:59,180 --> 00:07:57,570 implies the interiors hot and low 230 00:08:01,760 --> 00:07:59,190 density that implies there's a lot of 231 00:08:03,860 --> 00:08:01,770 flux coming out of the interior and so 232 00:08:06,290 --> 00:08:03,870 that implies that these models with 233 00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:06,300 hotter interiors are probably closer to 234 00:08:09,860 --> 00:08:07,890 reality in these models within cooler 235 00:08:11,840 --> 00:08:09,870 interiors so people have who have 236 00:08:13,700 --> 00:08:11,850 modeled 1d and 3-dimensional models have 237 00:08:15,740 --> 00:08:13,710 sometimes thought of it as a free 238 00:08:17,629 --> 00:08:15,750 parameter running hot interiors running 239 00:08:21,260 --> 00:08:17,639 cold interiors but there hasn't really 240 00:08:22,610 --> 00:08:21,270 been any sort of kind of rule of thumb 241 00:08:24,469 --> 00:08:22,620 people have used for what's actually 242 00:08:26,300 --> 00:08:24,479 realistic so the radio convective 243 00:08:28,400 --> 00:08:26,310 boundary is often ignored or is left at 244 00:08:30,290 --> 00:08:28,410 the free parameter but as I said these 245 00:08:33,350 --> 00:08:30,300 structure models actually can suggest 246 00:08:34,610 --> 00:08:33,360 what is a realistic intrinsic flux 247 00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:34,620 coming out of the interior in a 248 00:08:40,760 --> 00:08:38,250 realistic rate of convective boundary so 249 00:08:43,190 --> 00:08:40,770 the goal then is to use the radius 250 00:08:46,100 --> 00:08:43,200 distribution of all of these planets 251 00:08:50,610 --> 00:08:46,110 it's over 300 objects to infer something 252 00:08:55,079 --> 00:08:52,920 so what that is is to assess the needed 253 00:08:56,820 --> 00:08:55,089 inflation power to explain the radius of 254 00:08:58,769 --> 00:08:56,830 these planets this is a paper genuine I 255 00:09:01,470 --> 00:08:58,779 did last year where we're trying to 256 00:09:03,390 --> 00:09:01,480 figure out what if you imagine what's 257 00:09:05,040 --> 00:09:03,400 causing hot Jupiter inflation is some 258 00:09:07,290 --> 00:09:05,050 anomalous heating from the parent star 259 00:09:09,780 --> 00:09:07,300 getting its way into the planets deep 260 00:09:10,980 --> 00:09:09,790 interior what fraction of that energy do 261 00:09:12,690 --> 00:09:10,990 you need it to do 262 00:09:14,790 --> 00:09:12,700 and so it's something on the order of a 263 00:09:16,950 --> 00:09:14,800 few percent it starts out small but the 264 00:09:18,750 --> 00:09:16,960 colder hot Jupiters are not inflated 265 00:09:21,600 --> 00:09:18,760 then you get up to objects at around 266 00:09:23,220 --> 00:09:21,610 1500 K that are really inflated then it 267 00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:23,230 actually has to go down again so it 268 00:09:27,150 --> 00:09:25,210 looks like the kind of quasi Gaussian 269 00:09:29,490 --> 00:09:27,160 shape and that's where the heating 270 00:09:31,829 --> 00:09:29,500 efficiency what we're doing now is 271 00:09:33,840 --> 00:09:31,839 recasting that in terms of what the 272 00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:33,850 intrinsic flux coming out of the 273 00:09:37,740 --> 00:09:35,650 interior is the transferometer eyes by 274 00:09:39,990 --> 00:09:37,750 some temperature it also looks something 275 00:09:43,320 --> 00:09:40,000 like it caused the Gaussian in that it 276 00:09:46,620 --> 00:09:43,330 Peaks it around something like 700 277 00:09:47,700 --> 00:09:46,630 Kelvin so 700 to the fourth compared to 278 00:09:50,670 --> 00:09:47,710 a hundred to the fourth it's a 279 00:09:52,530 --> 00:09:50,680 difference of about 2,400 so a factor 280 00:09:55,170 --> 00:09:52,540 and the flux coming out of the interior 281 00:09:57,240 --> 00:09:55,180 over two thousand times higher but if 282 00:09:59,910 --> 00:09:57,250 you just use Jupiter's intrinsic flux 283 00:10:01,260 --> 00:09:59,920 which is around a hundred degrees so 284 00:10:03,269 --> 00:10:01,270 what that does is it dramatically 285 00:10:06,390 --> 00:10:03,279 changes the structure of your atmosphere 286 00:10:08,250 --> 00:10:06,400 and so uh what we've done with Peter Gao 287 00:10:09,840 --> 00:10:08,260 in the past few months is compute a 288 00:10:11,820 --> 00:10:09,850 series of models we're looking at 289 00:10:14,519 --> 00:10:11,830 different distances from from the sun 290 00:10:17,430 --> 00:10:14,529 point one a you put o 1au up to point 291 00:10:19,560 --> 00:10:17,440 one at you using this list this derived 292 00:10:21,690 --> 00:10:19,570 law for the flux coming out of the 293 00:10:23,430 --> 00:10:21,700 interior and so we typically find ray D 294 00:10:25,530 --> 00:10:23,440 to convective boundaries that are not at 295 00:10:27,260 --> 00:10:25,540 a Killah bar but Reed and convective 296 00:10:30,840 --> 00:10:27,270 boundaries that are typically at 297 00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:30,850 something like a bar or so these are all 298 00:10:35,190 --> 00:10:33,010 I think Saturn site type gravities with 299 00:10:36,900 --> 00:10:35,200 a slightly metal enriched atmosphere so 300 00:10:39,150 --> 00:10:36,910 the typical hot Jupiters then have radio 301 00:10:40,680 --> 00:10:39,160 convective boundaries at a few bars it's 302 00:10:42,750 --> 00:10:40,690 only once you get to the cooler and 303 00:10:44,550 --> 00:10:42,760 cooler objects for this much less flux 304 00:10:46,290 --> 00:10:44,560 coming out of the interior that you get 305 00:10:48,390 --> 00:10:46,300 these deep rated convective boundaries 306 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:48,400 at around several hundred bars I should 307 00:10:53,250 --> 00:10:50,170 mention that thick curves are convective 308 00:10:54,600 --> 00:10:53,260 the thin curves are radiative this has a 309 00:10:56,190 --> 00:10:54,610 number of important implications which 310 00:10:58,019 --> 00:10:56,200 I'll show on the next slide but one here 311 00:10:59,850 --> 00:10:58,029 visually is you can see if you have a 312 00:11:02,160 --> 00:10:59,860 condensation curve where a cloud might 313 00:11:03,960 --> 00:11:02,170 be forming like four stripes if you have 314 00:11:06,449 --> 00:11:03,970 a shallow ray to come back 315 00:11:07,769 --> 00:11:06,459 down the cloud might form at a bar or if 316 00:11:09,480 --> 00:11:07,779 you have a deep rate of convective zone 317 00:11:12,420 --> 00:11:09,490 you follow this dotted curve and your 318 00:11:14,759 --> 00:11:12,430 cloud might actually be at 500 bars so 319 00:11:18,509 --> 00:11:14,769 clouds and the height at which they form 320 00:11:19,860 --> 00:11:18,519 is one particularly important aspect so 321 00:11:21,689 --> 00:11:19,870 we can compute then what the rate of 322 00:11:24,179 --> 00:11:21,699 convective boundary would be in pressure 323 00:11:25,170 --> 00:11:24,189 as a function of the infinite flux for 324 00:11:27,269 --> 00:11:25,180 different gravities different 325 00:11:29,639 --> 00:11:27,279 metallicity x' and you can see typically 326 00:11:31,319 --> 00:11:29,649 then for the typical runner hot Jupiters 327 00:11:33,660 --> 00:11:31,329 you're at something like a few bars 328 00:11:35,429 --> 00:11:33,670 where as it gets deeper as you get to 329 00:11:38,879 --> 00:11:35,439 cooler planets where there's much less 330 00:11:40,379 --> 00:11:38,889 flux coming out of the interior so the 331 00:11:42,749 --> 00:11:40,389 implications then I think are pretty 332 00:11:43,860 --> 00:11:42,759 interesting so just the the first bullet 333 00:11:45,990 --> 00:11:43,870 point of what have repeated several 334 00:11:48,269 --> 00:11:46,000 times now this is potentially important 335 00:11:50,519 --> 00:11:48,279 for a number of things one would be the 336 00:11:52,350 --> 00:11:50,529 day/night circulation what is the bound 337 00:11:54,749 --> 00:11:52,360 of butter what is the bottom boundary in 338 00:11:56,790 --> 00:11:54,759 your 3-dimensional model is it just a 339 00:11:58,920 --> 00:11:56,800 radiative atmosphere all the way down to 340 00:12:00,960 --> 00:11:58,930 it's essentially infinity or if you have 341 00:12:03,389 --> 00:12:00,970 a convection actually happening just 342 00:12:05,009 --> 00:12:03,399 below the visible atmosphere another is 343 00:12:07,019 --> 00:12:05,019 for interpreting observed phase curves 344 00:12:08,879 --> 00:12:07,029 if your night side your planet actually 345 00:12:11,730 --> 00:12:08,889 has a fair amount of convective flux 346 00:12:13,619 --> 00:12:11,740 coming out that you weren't accounting 347 00:12:15,420 --> 00:12:13,629 for before that might make one way of 348 00:12:17,429 --> 00:12:15,430 making night sides a bit hotter than you 349 00:12:19,110 --> 00:12:17,439 typically might think another is 350 00:12:20,819 --> 00:12:19,120 vertical mixing we've tend to thought 351 00:12:22,829 --> 00:12:20,829 about hot Jupiter atmospheres as being 352 00:12:24,869 --> 00:12:22,839 radiative down to an extremely deep 353 00:12:26,970 --> 00:12:24,879 depth but if they're actually convective 354 00:12:28,799 --> 00:12:26,980 down below a few bars that's one way of 355 00:12:30,079 --> 00:12:28,809 keeping particulates quite a bit higher 356 00:12:33,240 --> 00:12:30,089 up in the atmosphere 357 00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:33,250 another is related these deep cold traps 358 00:12:37,199 --> 00:12:35,410 people have thought about how cold traps 359 00:12:40,290 --> 00:12:37,209 deep in the atmosphere might wrap 360 00:12:41,730 --> 00:12:40,300 materials and condensates down in the 361 00:12:42,929 --> 00:12:41,740 atmosphere but the atmosphere is 362 00:12:44,639 --> 00:12:42,939 actually hot and convective 363 00:12:48,689 --> 00:12:44,649 these things might get wash it up more 364 00:12:50,670 --> 00:12:48,699 easily so my second to last side is is 365 00:12:53,460 --> 00:12:50,680 there any direct observational test for 366 00:12:56,999 --> 00:12:53,470 this so we can compute models with 367 00:13:00,869 --> 00:12:57,009 different temperature interiors 700k 400 368 00:13:02,939 --> 00:13:00,879 K 200 100 we can calculate the pressure 369 00:13:04,829 --> 00:13:02,949 that we see down to as a function of 370 00:13:06,809 --> 00:13:04,839 wavelength it's typically around maybe a 371 00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:06,819 tenth of a bar but it varies very 372 00:13:11,040 --> 00:13:09,250 strongly with wavelength in the jhk 373 00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:11,050 window that's where we see the deepest 374 00:13:14,879 --> 00:13:12,730 where the opacity is the bad the minimum 375 00:13:17,980 --> 00:13:14,889 and we might be able to actually see 376 00:13:19,450 --> 00:13:17,990 enhanced fluxes in the near infrared 377 00:13:22,540 --> 00:13:19,460 this blue curve compared to the red 378 00:13:24,220 --> 00:13:22,550 curve for a hot interior of like 700k 379 00:13:28,390 --> 00:13:24,230 that's the project I'm working on right 380 00:13:30,010 --> 00:13:28,400 now so summarize then we should expect I 381 00:13:31,660 --> 00:13:30,020 think a mass metallicity relation for 382 00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:31,670 giant planets I think it's going to be 383 00:13:35,230 --> 00:13:33,110 Messier in terms of atmospheric 384 00:13:37,900 --> 00:13:35,240 abundances and it will be for the actual 385 00:13:39,640 --> 00:13:37,910 structure of the planet and we have some 386 00:13:41,500 --> 00:13:39,650 new results on the radiative convective 387 00:13:43,150 --> 00:13:41,510 boundary depth which we think is a lot 388 00:13:45,220 --> 00:13:43,160 shallower than most people have 389 00:13:54,670 --> 00:13:45,230 suggested in the past thanks a lot I'll 390 00:13:57,520 --> 00:13:54,680 take any questions Thank You Jonathan um 391 00:14:02,410 --> 00:13:57,530 I see a couple of questions we don't 392 00:14:09,880 --> 00:14:02,420 have much time please state your name 393 00:14:12,310 --> 00:14:09,890 and affiliation hi Hanna wait for Space 394 00:14:14,620 --> 00:14:12,320 Telescope and a lot of the implications 395 00:14:16,680 --> 00:14:14,630 that you listed seem to produce more 396 00:14:18,610 --> 00:14:16,690 clouds is there a testable prediction on 397 00:14:21,370 --> 00:14:18,620 ratios of planets that we find the 398 00:14:26,860 --> 00:14:21,380 clouds there ah 399 00:14:28,450 --> 00:14:26,870 so should we see like the fraction of 400 00:14:31,990 --> 00:14:28,460 planets that would be cloudy and is not 401 00:14:33,580 --> 00:14:32,000 cloudy yes a Peter GAO has a paper that 402 00:14:35,410 --> 00:14:33,590 he's leading was just submitted to 403 00:14:37,990 --> 00:14:35,420 Nature astronomy that tries to look at 404 00:14:40,300 --> 00:14:38,000 the transmission spectra in in in in 405 00:14:42,310 --> 00:14:40,310 Hubble a Wide Field Camera 3 the 406 00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:42,320 cloudiness is a function of planetary 407 00:14:46,330 --> 00:14:44,330 temperature and so one of the things 408 00:14:47,980 --> 00:14:46,340 Peter finds is that we can only fit this 409 00:14:50,710 --> 00:14:47,990 trend of cloudiness versus wavelength 410 00:14:52,870 --> 00:14:50,720 with these higher rate of convective 411 00:14:55,360 --> 00:14:52,880 boundaries that the compounder YZ are 412 00:14:56,740 --> 00:14:55,370 much deeper he finds cloudiness versus 413 00:14:58,150 --> 00:14:56,750 wavelength that doesn't actually fit 414 00:15:05,490 --> 00:14:58,160 observations that's another nice 415 00:15:11,700 --> 00:15:05,500 observational test may be a really short 416 00:15:17,500 --> 00:15:15,610 interesting UCLA a very interesting talk 417 00:15:19,240 --> 00:15:17,510 I'm curious does that that's the 418 00:15:21,520 --> 00:15:19,250 shallower right of collective boundaries 419 00:15:23,350 --> 00:15:21,530 help you in terms of explaining the 420 00:15:27,310 --> 00:15:23,360 inflated hot Jupiters because it would 421 00:15:31,870 --> 00:15:27,320 make it easier to yeah he's back inside 422 00:15:34,120 --> 00:15:31,880 yeah so any inflated objects 423 00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:34,130 no matter what the mechanism is has to 424 00:15:38,410 --> 00:15:35,810 have a shallower rated conductive 425 00:15:41,230 --> 00:15:38,420 boundary and so it might make some 426 00:15:43,420 --> 00:15:41,240 mechanisms like ohmic dissipation a bit 427 00:15:45,999 --> 00:15:43,430 easier to do and that you don't need to 428 00:15:46,689 --> 00:15:46,009 get the energy down really deep so 429 00:15:49,710 --> 00:15:46,699 that's something that we're thinking 430 00:15:57,680 --> 00:15:49,720 about as well in the next year 431 00:15:57,690 --> 00:16:03,100 [Music] 432 00:16:07,689 --> 00:16:05,290 Ted come Chuck has an entire paper on 433 00:16:10,629 --> 00:16:07,699 this so in our models we're assuming 434 00:16:13,780 --> 00:16:10,639 that the energy is deposited within the 435 00:16:15,280 --> 00:16:13,790 convective interior but it does matter a 436 00:16:16,930 --> 00:16:15,290 lot if you're putting it into the deep 437 00:16:27,480 --> 00:16:16,940 radiative atmosphere you need a lot more 438 00:16:29,800 --> 00:16:27,490 energy yeah good point be a pair exactly 439 00:16:31,120 --> 00:16:29,810 so what sort of implications do you 440 00:16:33,129 --> 00:16:31,130 think this has for the long term 441 00:16:35,050 --> 00:16:33,139 evolution of the planet because you're 442 00:16:38,079 --> 00:16:35,060 looking at an interior flux that kind of 443 00:16:44,710 --> 00:16:38,089 comfort they call collapse into cooling 444 00:16:46,569 --> 00:16:44,720 toward that where the energy yeah so I 445 00:16:48,370 --> 00:16:46,579 think the I think the planets are 446 00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:48,380 essentially in a steady state their 447 00:16:54,040 --> 00:16:49,970 interiors are not cooling the planets 448 00:16:55,780 --> 00:16:54,050 are not contracting there's you know 449 00:16:58,269 --> 00:16:55,790 there's as you well know there's a 450 00:16:59,650 --> 00:16:58,279 variety of perhaps a dozen dynamical 451 00:17:01,449 --> 00:16:59,660 mechanisms where people are trying to 452 00:17:03,009 --> 00:17:01,459 get energy from the parents are some 453 00:17:07,179 --> 00:17:03,019 small fraction of that into the 454 00:17:08,679 --> 00:17:07,189 convective interior I'm trying to be 455 00:17:11,020 --> 00:17:08,689 agnostic about what I think the 456 00:17:12,760 --> 00:17:11,030 mechanism is but I think it does make it 457 00:17:14,380 --> 00:17:12,770 easier for a lot of these dynamical 458 00:17:16,090 --> 00:17:14,390 mechanisms if people have to only get 459 00:17:19,059 --> 00:17:16,100 the energy down to a few bars rather 460 00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:19,069 than kill a bar okay we have to postpone 461 00:17:24,940 --> 00:17:20,890 everything else into coffee breaks and